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NEW QUESTION 197
Technological improvements have made electric cars far more cost-efficient in the last decade. However, the threshold of economic viability for electric cars (that is, the cost of running an electric car compared to a gasoline powered car) has remained unchanged.
Which of the following, if true, does most to help explain why the increased cost-efficiency of electric cars has not decreased its threshold of economic viability?
- A. The cost of manufacturing gasoline-powered cars has fallen dramatically.
- B. The reduction in the cost of manufacturing electric cars has occurred despite increased raw material costs for those cars.
- C. When the price of oil increases, reserves of oil not previously worth exploiting become economically viable.
- D. Most electricity is generated by coal-fired or nuclear, rather than oil-fired, power plants.
- E. Technological changes have increased the efficiency of gasoline-powered cars.
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Improvements in electric cars have been matched by improvements in gasoline-powered cars so that their economic viability has not improved.
NEW QUESTION 198
The information in the passage suggests that its authoi believes there may be "a halo effect" (see highlighted text) associated with which of the following errors?
- A. A company's financial success Is mistakenly attributed to the positive qualities of those who make the management decisions at that company.
- B. A company's profitable Implementation of sustainable practices is mistakenly attributed to altruistic motives.
- C. The positive environmental impact of a company's adoption of sustainable practices Is mistakenly understood to offset a greater negative environmental Impact than K actually does.
- D. The apparent association of a company's adoption of sustainability initiatives with Its need to address resource limitations is mistaken for causation.
- E. The financially successful strategies of some companies are mistaken to Imply that a larger group of companies will be similarly successful If they adopt similar strategies.
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation
Many policymakers adopt a macro approach to environmental problems in emerging markets (countries experiencing rapid economic growth): discussing ambitious regulations in global faums and looking to giant multinational companies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for insight. But examining what successful companies in these countries are already doing to make growth more environmentally sustainable may make more sense.
One study identifies several such firms that are turning eco-consciousness into a source of competitive advantage. The most salient quality of these highly profitable companies Is that they turn limitations (of resources, labor, and Infrastructure) into opportunities. An Indian cement company suffering water shortages developed the world's most water-efficient cement-making method, using air-cooling rather than water cooling. A Philippines utility reduced its water loss through wastage and illegal tapping from 63 percent (1997) to 12 percent (2010) by making water more affordable for lower-Income consumers. A Chinese company makes air conditioners powered with buildings' waste heat, reducing strain on the electric grid.
The companies also seek to shape their business environment to support sustainable objectives. Some lobby regulators: a Brazilian organic-sugar producer works with Brazil's government to establish an organic certification system. Some form partnerships: Kenya's Equity Bank allies with international groups to reduce its risks when lending to smallholders or single-family farms; a Brazilian cosmetics company works with suppliers to produce sustainable packaging. Some firms also work to reach and educate lower-income consumers, sacrificing short-term profits to create future markets: a Chilean forestry company organizes local carpenters into networks and connects them to low-income customers.
One could quibble with the study. Switzerland's Phil Rosenzweig has argued that management writers are prone to a halo effect: they treat a company's temporary success as proof that It has discovered some eternal principle of good management. That some successful companies have embraced environmental sustainability does not prove that It makes companies successful. Some firms, having prospered, can afford splurging on green Initiatives; some pursue eco-Initiatives for public relations purposes.
Nonetheless, the study Is thought-provoking. Critics argue that environmentalism Is a rich-world luxury, but such fears are overblown. When natural resources are scarce and consumers are cash-strapped, sustainability can be a lucrative business strategy.
NEW QUESTION 199
Journal
The editor of Metathesis, a new academic journal of literature, manages the peer-review of articles submitted for publication. The journal accepts articles focusing on any of three general subject areas: comparative literature, modernist literature, and postcolonial literature.
When an article is submitted, the editor has the article peer-reviewed by exactly three experts, none of whom authored or coauthored the article. The table (see the Reviewers/Authors tab) consists of all the authors or coauthors who have recently submitted articles and all the experts who currently peer-review or have recently peer-reviewed those articles. It also lists the general subject areas for each of the authors and reviewers.
Each author of each submitted article specializes in the general subject area of the article. Moreover, each recently submitted article was peer-reviewed by experts listed in the table.
Review Rules
Suppose that Farkas and Kenyatta were both selected as reviewers for a certain recently submitted article. For each of the following statements, select YesM the statement must be true, based on this supposition and the Information provided. Otherwise, select No.
Answer:
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Explanation
NEW QUESTION 200
Today's low gasoline prices make consumers willing to indulge their preference for larger cars, which consume greater amounts of gasoline as fuel. So United States automakers are unwilling to pursue the development of new fuel-efficient technologies aggressively. The particular reluctance of the United States automobile industry to do so, however, could threaten the industry's future.
Which of the following, if true, would provide the most support for the claim above about the future of the United States automobile industry?
- A. The promotion of mass transit over automobiles as an alternative mode of transportation has encountered consumer resistance that is due in part to the failure of mass transit to accommodate the wide dispersal of points of origin and destinations for trips.
- B. A prototype fuel-efficient vehicle, built five years ago, achieves a very high 81 miles per gallon on the highway and 63 in the city, but its materials are relatively costly.
- C. Small cars sold by manufacturers in the United States are more fuel efficient now than before the sudden jump in oil prices in 1973.
- D. Automakers elsewhere in the world have slowed the introduction of fuel-efficient technologies but have pressed ahead with research and development of them in preparation for a predicted rise in world oil prices.
- E. There are many technological opportunities for reducing the waste of energy in cars and light trucks through weight, aerodynamic drag, and braking friction.
Answer: D
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NEW QUESTION 201
Since the invention of digital readout, machine designers have rushed to replace conventional dials and gauges with digital units. Yet the digital gauge has drawbacks in some situations. Since it presents an exact numeric value, it must be decoded and analyzed by a human operator; its meaning cannot be read in an instantaneous scanning. An analog dial or gauge can be marked with red to alert the operator when a value is entering a danger zone; a digital gauge cannot. And it is difficult to tell whether a digital readout is increasing or decreasing over time, while the up or down movement of a pointer on an analog gauge can be quickly and easily observed.
The author of the passage above would probably recommend the use of digital gauge in cases when
I. warning of a sudden rise or fall in value is needed
II. an operator must read and interpret several gauges within a few seconds III. a precise numeric value is essential
- A. I and III only
- B. I, II, and III
- C. I only
- D. III only
- E. II and III only
Answer: D
Explanation:
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NEW QUESTION 202
If n is a positive integer greater than 1 and n integers are added together, is the sum even?
(1) n is even.
(2) Exactly n- 1 of the integers are odd.
- A. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
- B. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) atone is not sufficient.
- C. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
- D. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
- E. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION 203
The passage most clearly implies that the skeptics mentioned in the third paragraph assume that
- A. chariots and wagons were invented north of the Black Sea
- B. there would be evidence that chariots existed earlier than 5,500 years ago if
- C. the computer mentioned in the second paragraph based its calculations on inaccurate data
- D. many languages with similar vocabularies do not share recent common ancestors pastoralist speakers of proto-Indo-European did not spread into Anatolia
- E. they existed about 9,000 years ago
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The following is based on an article published in 2012.
Most linguists believe proto-Indo-European, the ancestor of all Indo-European languages, was the language of chariot-driving pastoralists who spread through Eurasia from steppes north of the Black Sea about 4,000 years ago. But a competing theory is that proto-Indo-European was spoken by farmers in Anatolia (Asia Minor) about 9,000 years ago, and spread from there along with agriculture.
To evaluate these hypotheses, researchers statistically compared IndoEuropean languages' vocabularies.
Languages with more similar vocabularies are
probably more closely related, sharing more recent common ancestors.
Combining the vocabulary statistics with the known dates when certain languages split, and with their known geographical ranges, a computer calculated the most likely relationships among all Indo-European languages and concluded that protoIndo-European probably originated in Anatolia 9,000 years ago.
Disputing this conclusion, skeptics argue that most Indo-European languages are similar in their words pertaining to chariots and wagons, suggesting protoIndo-European split into daughter languages only after chariots and wagons were invented. No archaeological evidence indicates that chariots and wagons existed before 5,500 years ago. Furthermore, proto-Indo-European had words for "horse" and "bee" and lent many words to proto-Uralic, the mother language of Finnish and Hungarian. The steppes north of the Black Sea were far closer than Anatolia to areas where proto-Uralic was spoken, and had more abundant wild horses and bees.
NEW QUESTION 204
Wildlife management seeks to ensure that there are sufficient numbers of reproductive adults, particularly adult females, to maintain the population of any particular species at a level sustainable by the environment.
This Involves setting upper limits, by sex and age, on the number of animals that hunters may take during specified periods of the hunting season. To determine these upper Smlts, wildlife managers plan to collect data about the sex and age of animals killed by hunters during each hunting season, by examining random samples of the animals' teeth. They will then use the resulting information to set the upper limits for the following year's hunting season.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the managers' plan, if implemented, will achieve the stated goal of wildlife management?
- A. Most animal deaths among hunted species are due to hunting.
- B. Adult females of the relevant species tend to give birth to an equal number of males and females.
- C. The environment is becoming less able to sustain wildlife.
- D. Most of the legal restrictions on hunting are regarded as reasonable by the majority of haters.
- E. Some hunting is known to occur outside of the legally defined hunting season.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION 205
Since a rhinoceros that has no horn is worthless to poachers, the Wildlife Protection Committee plans to protect selected rhinoceroses from being killed by poachers by cutting off the rhinos' horns.
The Wildlife Protection Committee's plan assumes that
- A. imposing more stringent penalties on poachers will not decrease the number of rhinos killed by poachers
- B. poachers do not kill rhinos that are worthless to them
- C. rhinos are the only animals poachers kill for their horns
- D. hornless rhinos pose less of a threat to humans, including poachers, than do rhinos that have horns
- E. hornless rhinos can successfully defend their young against nonhuman predators
Answer: B
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NEW QUESTION 206
Within 20 years it will probably be possible to identify the genetic susceptibility an individual may have toward any particular disease. Eventually, effective strategies will be discovered to counteract each such susceptibility. Once these effective strategies are found, therefore, the people who follow them will never get sick.
The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?
- A. All humans are genetically susceptible to some diseases.
- B. For every disease there is only one strategy that can prevent its occurrence.
- C. People will follow medical advice when they are convinced that it is effective.
- D. All human sicknesses are in part the result of individuals' genetic susceptibilities.
- E. In the future, genetics will be the only medical specialty of any importance.
Answer: D
Explanation:
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NEW QUESTION 207
Whenever a major airplane accident occurs, there is a dramatic increase in the number of airplane mishaps reported, a phenomenon that may last for as long as a few months after the accident. Airline officials assert that the publicity given the gruesomeness of major airplane accidents focuses media attention on the airline industry and the increase in the number of reported accidents is caused by an increase in the number of news sources covering airline accident, not by an increase in the number of accidents.
Which of the following, if true, would seriously weaken the assertions of the airline officials?
- A. The publicity surrounding airline accidents is largely limited to the country in which the crash occurred.
- B. News organizations do not have any guidelines to help them decide how severe or how close an accident must be for it to receive coverage.
- C. Airline accidents tend to occur far more often during certain peak travel months.
- D. Airplane accidents receive coverage by news sources only when the news sources find it advantageous to do so.
- E. Studies by government regulations show that the number of airplane flight miles remains relatively constant from month to month.
Answer: C
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NEW QUESTION 208
The scientists discussed in the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements about attempting to limit phytoplankton blooms in an estuary by placing restrictions on discharges from wastewater treatment plants and runoff from agricultural fields?
- A. The approach would probably not produce a significantly different effect than inaction would.
- B. The approach would most likely have an effect opposite to that which was intended.
- C. The approach would probably be initially successful but have long-term negative effects.
- D. The approach would produce the intended effect if the estuary in question were located in a warm climate.
- E. The approach would not be as likely to have the intended effect the scientists would have expected prior to the San Francisco Bay blooms.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
United States Geological Survey scientists have found that a cooling in Pacific Ocean temperatures led to increases in ecologically threatening phytoplankton blooms in San Francisco Bay, California. The declining temperatures took place off the coast of California between 1999 and 2004. The occurrence of these blooms is surprising because such blooms are normally associated with increases in the amount of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, entering estuaries from such sources as wastewater treatment plants and agricultural fields. In this case, the bay's phytoplankton blooms occurred during a period of decreasing nutrient concentration and inputs.
The scientists discovered the effects of the cold Pacific temperatures by using biological and water-quality data collected over twenty-five years. The colder temperatures caused changes in the types, abundance, and migration patterns of marine life into the San Francisco Bay from coastal ocean waters. For example, marine life, such as fish, shrimp, and crabs, migrated to the warmer waters that are found in the bay.
The migrations increased the numbers of predators such as bay shrimp and Dungeness crabs that eat filter feeders, such as clams. Clams can filter large quantities of phytoplankton from the bay's water, which can prevent phytoplankton blooms. With the increase in predators, there was a corresponding decrease in clam populations and an increase in phytoplankton.
NEW QUESTION 209
A report on the use of monosodium glutamate in food concluded, "Most Americans who consume monosodium glutamate regularly are not being harmed." Critics of the report insist the conclusion be changed to, "Most Americans who consume monosodium glutamate do not show visible symptoms of harm by the substance, such as abnormal rashes or slower rates of metabolism." Which of the following, if true, provides the best logical justification for the critics' insistence that the report's conclusion be changed?
- A. The severity of damage by monosodium glutamate differs from person to person.
- B. Monosodium glutamate could be causing long term damage for which symptoms have not yet become visible.
- C. The report does not compare harm caused to Americans who consume monosodium glutamate with harm caused to people in other countries.
- D. Monosodium glutamate has been added to a growing number of commonly consumed foods during the past fifteen years.
- E. Some Americans who consume monosodium glutamate regularly are being harmed by the substance.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
If there is a possibility that monosodium glutamate will cause long-term harm, then the absence of symptoms cannot be taken as proof that Americans who consume monosodium glutamate regularly are not being harmed.
NEW QUESTION 210
The lobbyists argued that because there is no statistical evidence that breathing other people's tobacco smoke increases the incidence of heart disease or lung cancer in healthy nonsmokers, legislation banning smoking in workplaces cannot be justified on health grounds.
The argument reported above would be most seriously weakened if it were true that
- A. Most nonsmokers dislike the odor of smoke-filled air.
- B. Smoke-filled air is a major source of the dirt that damages computers and other sensitive equipment.
- C. Legislation banning smoking in workplaces decreases friction between smoking and nonsmoking workers and is easy to enforce.
- D. Breathing smoke-filled air increase the incidence of headaches and coughs in healthy nonsmokers.
- E. Most workers would prefer to have smoking banned in workplaces.
Answer: D
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NEW QUESTION 211
A certain local bakery operates 7 days a week. On Monday of next week, the bakery will begin a new schedule for baking 3 specialty breads. Under the new schedule, millet bread will be baked on Monday of next week and will be baked again every other day thereafter (Wednesday, Friday, and so on). Seven-grain bread will also be baked on Monday of next week, and will be baked again every third day thereafter (Thursday, Sunday, and so on). Pumpernickel bread will be baked on Tuesday of next week and will be baked again every third day thereafter. The schedule will continue indefinitely, and these 3 breads will not be baked at any times other than those specified.
In the table, select First day for none of the J for the day of the week on which, for the first time under the new schedule, none of the 3 specialty breads will be baked; select Second day for none of the 3'forthe day of the week on which, for the second time under the new schedule, none of the 3 specialty breads will be baked.
Make only two selections, one in each column.
Answer:
Explanation:
Explanation
NEW QUESTION 212
Sales of telephones have increased dramatically over the last year. In order to take advantage of this increase, Mammoth Industries plans to expand production of its own model of telephone, while continuing its already very extensive advertising of this product.
Which of the following, if true, provides most support for the view that Mammoth Industries cannot increase its sales of telephones by adopting the plan outlined above?
- A. Despite a slight decline in the retail price, sales of Mammoth Industries' telephones have fallen in the last year.
- B. Mammoth Industries' average inventory of telephones awaiting shipment to retailers has declined slightly over the last year.
- C. Advertising has made the brand name of Mammoth Industries' telephones widely known, but few consumers know that Mammoth Industries owns this brand.
- D. Mammoth Industries' telephone is one of three brands of telephone that have together accounted for the bulk of the last year's increase in sales.
- E. Although it sells all of the telephones that it produces, Mammoth Industries' share of all telephone sales has declined over the last year.
Answer: A
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NEW QUESTION 213
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